English Grammar: Active and Passive Voice Rules
Introduction
Active and Passive Voice হলো English Grammar-এর সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ এবং পরীক্ষায় নিয়মিত আসা Topic-গুলোর একটি। WB Gram Panchayat, SSC, Railway, Banking, PSC, TET, Food SI এবং অন্যান্য Competitive Exam-এ Voice Change থেকে প্রায় প্রতি বছর প্রশ্ন আসে।
অনেক পরীক্ষার্থী নিচের ধরনের প্রশ্নে বিভ্রান্ত হয়—
- Active থেকে Passive কীভাবে পরিবর্তন করব?
- কোন Tense-এ কী Rule হবে?
- "By" কখন ব্যবহার করতে হবে?
- কোন Sentence Passive করা যায় না?
এই Complete Guide-এ আমরা Active and Passive Voice-এর সমস্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ Rules, Tense-wise Formula, বাংলা ব্যাখ্যা, Shortcut Tricks, Common Mistakes এবং Exam-Oriented MCQs শিখব।
Table of Contents
- What is Voice?
- Active Voice
- Passive Voice
- Structure of Active & Passive
- Basic Formula
- Tense-wise Rules
- Rules for Pronouns
- Voice Change Examples
- Common Mistakes
- MCQs & Practice
What is Voice?
Definition (English)
Voice is the form of a verb that shows whether the subject performs the action or receives the action.
বাংলা সংজ্ঞা
Voice হলো Verb-এর এমন একটি রূপ, যা বোঝায় Subject নিজে কাজ করছে (Active) নাকি কাজটি Subject-এর উপর ঘটছে (Passive)।
Types of Voice
There are two types of Voice:
1. Active Voice
2. Passive Voice
What is Active Voice?
যে বাক্যে Subject নিজে কাজ করে, তাকে Active Voice বলে।
Structure
Subject + Verb + Object
Examples
Rahim writes a letter.
রহিম একটি চিঠি লেখে।
She teaches English.
সে ইংরেজি পড়ায়।
The students completed the project.
ছাত্ররা প্রজেক্টটি সম্পন্ন করেছে।
The police arrested the thief.
পুলিশ চোরটিকে গ্রেফতার করেছে।
What is Passive Voice?
যে বাক্যে Subject কাজটি করে না, বরং কাজটি Subject-এর উপর ঘটে, তাকে Passive Voice বলে।
Structure
Object + Be Verb + V³ (Past Participle) + by + Subject
Examples
A letter is written by Rahim.
English is taught by her.
The project was completed by the students.
The thief was arrested by the police.
Active vs Passive Voice
| Active Voice | Passive Voice |
|---|---|
| Subject performs the action | Subject receives the action |
| Subject + Verb + Object | Object + Be + V³ + by + Subject |
Basic Formula
Active Voice
Subject + Verb + Object
↓
Passive Voice
Object + Helping Verb + V³ + by + Subject
Example
Active
Rahim writes a letter.
↓
Passive
A letter is written by Rahim.
Rule–1: Object is Necessary
Passive Voice করার জন্য Object থাকতে হবে।
Possible
She writes a letter.
(Object আছে)
✔ Passive হবে।
Not Possible
He sleeps.
(Object নেই)
❌ Passive হবে না।
More Examples
The baby cried.
❌ Passive নয়।
The sun rises.
❌ Passive নয়।
He laughed loudly.
❌ Passive নয়।
Rule–2: Verb Changes into V³
Passive Voice-এ Main Verb সবসময় Past Participle (V³) হয়।
Examples
Write → Written
Eat → Eaten
See → Seen
Do → Done
Make → Made
Take → Taken
Give → Given
Speak → Spoken
Read → Read
Buy → Bought
Rule–3: Helping Verb Changes According to Tense
সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ Rule।
| Tense | Passive Helping Verb |
|---|---|
| Present Indefinite | is / am / are |
| Present Continuous | is being / am being / are being |
| Present Perfect | has been / have been |
| Past Indefinite | was / were |
| Past Continuous | was being / were being |
| Past Perfect | had been |
| Future Indefinite | will be |
| Future Perfect | will have been |
Rule–4: Subject & Object Interchange
| Active | Passive |
|---|---|
| Subject | Object |
| Object | Subject |
Example
The teacher teaches the students.
↓
The students are taught by the teacher.
Rule–5: Pronoun Changes
| Active | Passive |
|---|---|
| I | me |
| We | us |
| You | you |
| He | him |
| She | her |
| They | them |
| It | it |
| Who | whom |
Examples
He helped me.
↓
I was helped by him.
She called us.
↓
We were called by her.
They invited him.
↓
He was invited by them.
Rule–6: "By" is Generally Used
Passive Voice-এ সাধারণত by ব্যবহার হয়।
Examples
The work was done by Ram.
The book was written by Tagore.
The homework was completed by the students.
Exception
যদি Doer গুরুত্বপূর্ণ না হয়, তাহলে by বাদ দেওয়া যায়।
Example
The road has been repaired.
(কে করেছে জানা দরকার নেই)
The thief has been arrested.
English is spoken here.
Rule–7: Imperative Sentence
Formula:
Let + Object + be + V³
Examples
Open the door.
↓
Let the door be opened.
Close the window.
↓
Let the window be closed.
Help the poor.
↓
Let the poor be helped.
Rule–8: Interrogative Sentence
প্রথমে Helping Verb বসবে।
Active
Did Rahim write the letter?
↓
Passive
Was the letter written by Rahim?
Active
Is he reading the book?
↓
Passive
Is the book being read by him?
Rule–9: Negative Sentence
Not একই জায়গায় থাকবে।
Active
He did not write the letter.
↓
Passive
The letter was not written by him.
Active
She does not teach English.
↓
Passive
English is not taught by her.
🚫 Common Beginner Mistakes
❌ The letter is wrote by him.
✔ The letter is written by him.
❌ The work was did by Rahim.
✔ The work was done by Rahim.
❌ The cake is eat by the boy.
✔ The cake is eaten by the boy.
❌ The letter written by him.
✔ The letter was written by him.
🎯 DC Mentor Smart Tips
⭐ Passive Voice-এ সবসময় V³ ব্যবহার হবে।
⭐ Object না থাকলে Passive হবে না।
⭐ Subject ও Object স্থান পরিবর্তন করবে।
⭐ Tense অনুযায়ী Helping Verb পরিবর্তন হবে।
⭐ By সাধারণত ব্যবহৃত হয়, তবে সব ক্ষেত্রে বাধ্যতামূলক নয়।
⭐ Pronoun পরিবর্তন করতে ভুলবেন না।
📊 Quick Revision Table
| Active Voice | Passive Voice |
|---|---|
| Subject | Object |
| Verb | Be + V³ |
| Object | Subject |
| Verb Form | Past Participle |
| By | Usually Used |
📌 Important Exam Points
✅ Object থাকতে হবে।
✅ Main Verb → V³
✅ Subject ↔ Object পরিবর্তন হবে।
✅ Tense অনুযায়ী Helping Verb নির্বাচন করতে হবে।
✅ Imperative ও Interrogative Sentence-এর আলাদা Rule মনে রাখতে হবে।
📘 Tense-wise Active to Passive Voice Rules
Active Voice থেকে Passive Voice-এ পরিবর্তন করার সময় Tense অনুযায়ী Helping Verb পরিবর্তিত হয়, কিন্তু Main Verb সবসময় V³ (Past Participle) হবে।
Rule–1: Present Indefinite Tense
Formula
Active
Subject + V¹(s/es) + Object
↓
Passive
Object + is/am/are + V³ + by + Subject
Examples
Rahim writes a letter.
↓
A letter is written by Rahim.
She teaches English.
↓
English is taught by her.
The teacher checks the copies.
↓
The copies are checked by the teacher.
Rule–2: Present Continuous Tense
Formula
Active
Subject + is/am/are + V¹+ing + Object
↓
Passive
Object + is/am/are + being + V³ + by + Subject
Examples
She is writing a letter.
↓
A letter is being written by her.
The students are cleaning the classroom.
↓
The classroom is being cleaned by the students.
Rule–3: Present Perfect Tense
Formula
Active
Subject + has/have + V³ + Object
↓
Passive
Object + has been / have been + V³ + by + Subject
Examples
He has completed the work.
↓
The work has been completed by him.
They have finished the project.
↓
The project has been finished by them.
Rule–4: Past Indefinite Tense
Formula
Active
Subject + V² + Object
↓
Passive
Object + was/were + V³ + by + Subject
Examples
The police arrested the thief.
↓
The thief was arrested by the police.
She wrote a letter.
↓
A letter was written by her.
Rule–5: Past Continuous Tense
Formula
Active
Subject + was/were + V¹+ing + Object
↓
Passive
Object + was/were + being + V³ + by + Subject
Examples
He was reading the newspaper.
↓
The newspaper was being read by him.
They were repairing the road.
↓
The road was being repaired by them.
Rule–6: Past Perfect Tense
Formula
Active
Subject + had + V³ + Object
↓
Passive
Object + had been + V³ + by + Subject
Examples
She had completed the work.
↓
The work had been completed by her.
The students had submitted the assignments.
↓
The assignments had been submitted by the students.
Rule–7: Future Indefinite Tense
Formula
Active
Subject + will + V¹ + Object
↓
Passive
Object + will be + V³ + by + Subject
Examples
He will write a letter.
↓
A letter will be written by him.
They will finish the work.
↓
The work will be finished by them.
Rule–8: Future Perfect Tense
Formula
Active
Subject + will have + V³ + Object
↓
Passive
Object + will have been + V³ + by + Subject
Examples
She will have completed the work.
↓
The work will have been completed by her.
They will have finished the project.
↓
The project will have been finished by them.
📊 Tense Conversion Master Table
| Active Tense | Passive Structure |
|---|---|
| Present Indefinite | is/am/are + V³ |
| Present Continuous | is/am/are being + V³ |
| Present Perfect | has/have been + V³ |
| Past Indefinite | was/were + V³ |
| Past Continuous | was/were being + V³ |
| Past Perfect | had been + V³ |
| Future Indefinite | will be + V³ |
| Future Perfect | will have been + V³ |
Rule–9: Modal Verbs
Modal Verbs-এর পরে Passive Voice-এ be + V³ ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Formula
Subject + Modal + V¹ + Object
↓
Object + Modal + be + V³ + by + Subject
Examples
He can solve the problem.
↓
The problem can be solved by him.
You should follow the rules.
↓
The rules should be followed by you.
They must complete the work.
↓
The work must be completed by them.
She may invite us.
↓
We may be invited by her.
The officer could approve the application.
↓
The application could be approved by the officer.
Common Modal Verbs
- Can
- Could
- May
- Might
- Must
- Shall
- Should
- Will
- Would
- Ought to
Rule–10: Imperative Sentences
Command
Open the gate.
↓
Let the gate be opened.
Close the window.
↓
Let the window be closed.
Switch off the light.
↓
Let the light be switched off.
Request
Please help me.
↓
You are requested to help me.
অথবা
Let me be helped.
Kindly wait here.
↓
You are requested to wait here.
Rule–11: Interrogative Sentences
Yes/No Questions
Did he write the letter?
↓
Was the letter written by him?
Has she completed the work?
↓
Has the work been completed by her?
Will they finish the project?
↓
Will the project be finished by them?
Wh-Questions
Why did he break the glass?
↓
Why was the glass broken by him?
Who wrote this book?
↓
By whom was this book written?
Rule–12: Double Object
কিছু Verb-এর দুটি Object থাকে।
যেমন—
- Give
- Send
- Offer
- Teach
- Show
- Promise
এই ক্ষেত্রে দুটি Passive Sentence সম্ভব।
Example
The teacher taught us English.
Passive–1
We were taught English by the teacher.
Passive–2
English was taught to us by the teacher.
Example
She gave me a pen.
Passive–1
I was given a pen by her.
Passive–2
A pen was given to me by her.
Rule–13: Passive Without "By"
যখন Doer গুরুত্বপূর্ণ নয়, তখন by + Subject বাদ দেওয়া যায়।
Examples
The road has been repaired.
The results have been declared.
English is spoken all over the world.
The thief has been arrested.
🚫 Common Exam Mistakes
❌ The work has completed.
✔ The work has been completed.
❌ The book is write by him.
✔ The book is written by him.
❌ The work was finish yesterday.
✔ The work was finished yesterday.
❌ The project will completed soon.
✔ The project will be completed soon.
❌ The letter has wrote.
✔ The letter has been written.
💡 DC Mentor Memory Tricks
⭐ Passive = Be Verb + V³
⭐ Modal + Be + V³
⭐ Present Continuous = Being + V³
⭐ Perfect Tense = Been + V³
⭐ Future = Will be + V³
⭐ Object না থাকলে Passive হবে না।
🎯 Competitive Exam Tips
নিচের Topic-গুলো থেকে নিয়মিত প্রশ্ন আসে—
- ✅ Tense-wise Voice Change
- ✅ Modal Verbs
- ✅ Imperative Sentences
- ✅ Interrogative Sentences
- ✅ Double Object
- ✅ Passive Without "By"
- ✅ Pronoun Change
- ✅ Helping Verb Selection
📝 Solved Active to Passive Voice Examples
নিচের উদাহরণগুলো WB Gram Panchayat, SSC, TET, PSC, Railway, Banking, Food SI এবং অন্যান্য Competitive Exam-এর ধাঁচে তৈরি।
Example 1 (Present Indefinite)
Active: He writes a letter.
✅ Passive: A letter is written by him.
Explanation: Present Indefinite → is/am/are + V³
Example 2 (Present Continuous)
Active: She is cooking food.
✅ Passive: Food is being cooked by her.
Example 3 (Present Perfect)
Active: They have completed the work.
✅ Passive: The work has been completed by them.
Example 4 (Past Indefinite)
Active: The police arrested the thief.
✅ Passive: The thief was arrested by the police.
Example 5 (Past Continuous)
Active: He was reading a newspaper.
✅ Passive: A newspaper was being read by him.
Example 6 (Past Perfect)
Active: She had written the report.
✅ Passive: The report had been written by her.
Example 7 (Future Indefinite)
Active: They will finish the project.
✅ Passive: The project will be finished by them.
Example 8 (Future Perfect)
Active: He will have completed the task.
✅ Passive: The task will have been completed by him.
Example 9 (Modal Verb)
Active: You should obey the rules.
✅ Passive: The rules should be obeyed by you.
Example 10 (Imperative Sentence)
Active: Open the window.
✅ Passive: Let the window be opened.
🔄 Passive to Active Voice Examples
Example 1
Passive: The work was completed by the students.
✅ Active: The students completed the work.
Example 2
Passive: English is spoken all over the world.
✅ Active: People speak English all over the world.
Example 3
Passive: The letter has been written by her.
✅ Active: She has written the letter.
Example 4
Passive: The match will be played tomorrow.
✅ Active: They will play the match tomorrow.
Example 5
Passive: The thief was caught by the police.
✅ Active: The police caught the thief.
✍️ Fill in the Blanks
সঠিক Passive Verb নির্বাচন করুন।
1.
The work ______ by him yesterday.
A. completed
B. was completed
C. is completed
D. has completed
✅ Answer: B. was completed
2.
The book ______ by Rabindranath Tagore.
A. wrote
B. is written
C. writing
D. has write
✅ Answer: B. is written
3.
The road ______ tomorrow.
A. will repair
B. repaired
C. will be repaired
D. repairing
✅ Answer: C. will be repaired
4.
The homework ______ by the students.
A. has been finished
B. has finish
C. have finished
D. finished
✅ Answer: A. has been finished
5.
The problem ______ easily.
A. can solve
B. can be solved
C. solved
D. solving
✅ Answer: B. can be solved
🔎 Error Detection Practice
প্রতিটি বাক্যের ভুল অংশ শনাক্ত করুন।
1.
The letter is wrote by him.
❌ Wrong: wrote
✔ Correct:
The letter is written by him.
2.
The work has completed.
❌ Wrong: has completed
✔ Correct:
The work has been completed.
3.
The project will completed soon.
❌ Wrong: will completed
✔ Correct:
The project will be completed soon.
4.
The cake was eat by the child.
❌ Wrong: eat
✔ Correct:
The cake was eaten by the child.
5.
The report had wrote before the meeting.
❌ Wrong: had wrote
✔ Correct:
The report had been written before the meeting.
6.
The rules should followed.
❌ Wrong: should followed
✔ Correct:
The rules should be followed.
7.
The room is cleaning now.
❌ Wrong: is cleaning
✔ Correct:
The room is being cleaned now.
8.
The bridge has build recently.
❌ Wrong: has build
✔ Correct:
The bridge has been built recently.
9.
The letter was wrote yesterday.
❌ Wrong: wrote
✔ Correct:
The letter was written yesterday.
10.
The work being completed now.
❌ Wrong: being completed
✔ Correct:
The work is being completed now.
📘 Advanced Rules
Rule–14: Verbs Without Object
নিচের Verb-গুলোর Passive Voice সাধারণত হয় না।
- Sleep
- Die
- Arrive
- Laugh
- Cry
- Sit
- Stand
- Come
- Go
- Happen
Examples
He sleeps well.
❌ Passive হবে না।
The baby cried.
❌ Passive হবে না।
The train arrived late.
❌ Passive হবে না।
Rule–15: Prepositional Verbs
Preposition-সহ Verb-এর Passive করা যায়।
Examples
People laughed at him.
↓
He was laughed at.
Everyone looked after the child.
↓
The child was looked after.
They called for help.
↓
Help was called for.
Rule–16: Reporting Verbs
Say, Believe, Think, Know, Consider-এর Passive প্রায়ই পরীক্ষায় আসে।
Examples
People believe that he is honest.
↓
It is believed that he is honest.
অথবা
He is believed to be honest.
People say that she is intelligent.
↓
It is said that she is intelligent.
📊 Important Verb Forms
| V¹ | V² | V³ |
|---|---|---|
| Write | Wrote | Written |
| Eat | Ate | Eaten |
| Speak | Spoke | Spoken |
| Take | Took | Taken |
| Give | Gave | Given |
| Do | Did | Done |
| Make | Made | Made |
| Build | Built | Built |
| Buy | Bought | Bought |
| Catch | Caught | Caught |
🚫 Most Common Competitive Exam Mistakes
| Wrong | Correct |
|---|---|
| is wrote | is written |
| was wrote | was written |
| has completed | has been completed |
| will completed | will be completed |
| should followed | should be followed |
| can solve | can be solved |
| was eat | was eaten |
🎯 DC Mentor Golden Tricks
⭐ Passive Voice = Be Verb + V³
⭐ Object না থাকলে Passive নয়।
⭐ Continuous = Being + V³
⭐ Perfect = Been + V³
⭐ Modal = Be + V³
⭐ Imperative = Let + Object + be + V³
⭐ Pronoun পরিবর্তন করতে ভুলবেন না।
⚡ Quick Revision Checklist
✅ Subject ↔ Object পরিবর্তন হবে।
✅ Main Verb → V³
✅ Helping Verb Tense অনুযায়ী হবে।
✅ Modal-এর পরে be হবে।
✅ Continuous Tense-এ being হবে।
✅ Perfect Tense-এ been হবে।
📝 Practice MCQs (Active & Passive Voice)
নিচের প্রশ্নগুলো WB Gram Panchayat, SSC, TET, PSC, Railway, Banking, Food SI এবং অন্যান্য Competitive Exam-এর ধাঁচে তৈরি।
MCQ 1
Choose the correct Passive Voice:
She writes a letter.
A. A letter wrote by her.
B. A letter is written by her.
C. A letter has written by her.
D. A letter writing by her.
✅ Answer: B. A letter is written by her.
MCQ 2
Choose the correct Passive Voice:
The police arrested the thief.
A. The thief arrested by the police.
B. The thief was arrested by the police.
C. The thief is arrested by the police.
D. The thief has arrested by the police.
✅ Answer: B
MCQ 3
The work ____ by him tomorrow.
A. will complete
B. will completed
C. will be completed
D. completed
✅ Answer: C
MCQ 4
The homework ____ by the students.
A. has been finished
B. has finish
C. have been finish
D. finishing
✅ Answer: A
MCQ 5
The problem can ____ easily.
A. solve
B. be solved
C. solved
D. solving
✅ Answer: B
MCQ 6
Choose the correct Passive Voice:
Open the door.
A. The door is opened.
B. Let the door be opened.
C. Door be opened.
D. The door opened.
✅ Answer: B
MCQ 7
Which sentence is in Passive Voice?
A. He reads a newspaper.
B. They play football.
C. The newspaper is read by him.
D. She sings a song.
✅ Answer: C
MCQ 8
Which sentence cannot normally be changed into Passive Voice?
A. He writes a letter.
B. She bought a book.
C. They completed the work.
D. The baby slept.
✅ Answer: D
MCQ 9
The report ____ before the meeting.
A. had written
B. had been written
C. has writing
D. written
✅ Answer: B
MCQ 10
The room ____ now.
A. is cleaning
B. is being cleaned
C. was cleaned
D. cleaned
✅ Answer: B
MCQ 11
English ____ all over the world.
A. speaks
B. is spoken
C. spoken
D. has spoke
✅ Answer: B
MCQ 12
The bridge ____ recently.
A. has been built
B. has build
C. built
D. building
✅ Answer: A
MCQ 13
Choose the correct Passive Voice:
They will finish the project.
A. The project will finish.
B. The project will be finished.
C. The project finished.
D. The project has been finished.
✅ Answer: B
MCQ 14
The rules should ____ by everyone.
A. follow
B. be followed
C. followed
D. following
✅ Answer: B
MCQ 15
Which verb form is always used in Passive Voice?
A. V¹
B. V²
C. V³ (Past Participle)
D. V¹ + ing
✅ Answer: C
📋 Last-Minute Revision Chart
| Active Voice | Passive Voice |
|---|---|
| Subject + Verb + Object | Object + Be + V³ + by + Subject |
| Subject performs action | Subject receives action |
| Verb changes by tense | Main Verb always V³ |
| Object is necessary | Without Object, Passive is generally not possible |
⏱️ Tense-wise Quick Formula
| Tense | Passive Formula |
|---|---|
| Present Indefinite | is/am/are + V³ |
| Present Continuous | is/am/are being + V³ |
| Present Perfect | has/have been + V³ |
| Past Indefinite | was/were + V³ |
| Past Continuous | was/were being + V³ |
| Past Perfect | had been + V³ |
| Future Indefinite | will be + V³ |
| Future Perfect | will have been + V³ |
| Modal Verbs | Modal + be + V³ |
🚫 Common Exam Traps
❌ is wrote
✔ is written
❌ was wrote
✔ was written
❌ has completed
✔ has been completed
❌ should followed
✔ should be followed
❌ can solved
✔ can be solved
❌ is cleaning (Passive)
✔ is being cleaned
🎯 DC Mentor's Final Exam Tricks
✅ সবসময় প্রথমে Object খুঁজুন।
✅ Object না থাকলে সাধারণত Passive হবে না।
✅ Passive Voice = Be Verb + V³
✅ Continuous Tense → Being + V³
✅ Perfect Tense → Been + V³
✅ Modal Verb → Be + V³
✅ Imperative Sentence → Let + Object + be + V³
✅ Pronoun পরিবর্তন (I→me, He→him, She→her, They→them) মনে রাখুন।
❓ Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Q1. What is Active Voice?
Answer: Active Voice-এ Subject নিজে কাজ সম্পাদন করে।
Q2. What is Passive Voice?
Answer: Passive Voice-এ Subject-এর উপর কাজটি সম্পন্ন হয়।
Q3. Can every sentence be changed into Passive Voice?
Answer: না। সাধারণত Object-যুক্ত (Transitive Verb) Sentence-ই Passive Voice-এ পরিবর্তন করা যায়।
Q4. Which verb form is used in Passive Voice?
Answer: সবসময় Past Participle (V³) ব্যবহার করা হয়।
Q5. Is "by" always necessary?
Answer: না। Doer গুরুত্বপূর্ণ না হলে by + Subject বাদ দেওয়া যায়।
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